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The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty that was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The Convention has three main goals:

  1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
  2. sustainable use of its components; and
  3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.

It was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

About the convention

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The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.

The convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use. While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity.

The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the precautionary principle that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity. It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.

Issues under the convention

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Some of the many issues dealt with under the convention include:

  • Measures and incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
  • Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including Prior Informed Consent of the party providing resources.
  • Access to and transfer of technology, including biotechnology.
  • Technical and scientific cooperation.
  • Impact assessment.
  • Education and public awareness.
  • Provision of financial resources.
  • National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments.

Transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms is addressed through the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention.

Aláíró Felek

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189 - Afganisztán, Albánia, Algéria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua és Barbuda, Argentína, Örményország, Ausztrália, Ausztria, Azerbajdzsán, The The, Bahrein, Banglades, Barbados, Fehéroroszország, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhután, Bolívia, Bosznia-Hercegovina, Botswana, Brazília, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgária, Burkina Faso, Mianmar, Burundi, Kambodzsa, Kamerun, Kanada, Zöld-foki-szigetek, Közép-afrikai Köztársaság, Csád, Chile, Kína, Kolumbia, Comore-szigetek, Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság, Republic of the Republic of the, Cook-szigetek, Costa Rica, Elefántcsontpart, Horvátország, Kuba, Ciprus, Csehország, Dánia, Dzsibuti, Dominikai Közösség, Dominikai Köztársaság, Ecuador, Egyiptom, Salvador, Egyenlítői-Guinea, Eritrea, Észtország, Etiópia, EU, Fidzsi-szigetek, Finnország, Franciaország, Gabon, The The, Grúzia, Németország , Ghána, Görögország, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Bissau-Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Magyarország, Izland, India, Indonézia, Irán, Írország, Izrael, Olaszország, Jamaica, Japán, Jordánia, Kazahsztán, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuvait, North South, South South, Kirgizisztán, Laosz, Lettország, Libanon, Lesotho, Libéria, Líbia, Liechtenstein, Litvánia, Luxemburg, The Former Yugoslav Macedónia, Madagaszkár, Malawi, Malajzia, Maldív-szigetek, Mali, Málta, Marshall-szigetek, Mauritánia, Mauritius, Mexikó, Mikronézia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongólia, Marokkó, Mozambik, Namíbia, Nauru, Nepál, Hollandia, Új-Zéland, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigéria, Niue, Norvégia, Omán, Pakisztán, Palau, Panama, Pápua Új-Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Fülöp-szigetek, Lengyelország, Portugália, Katar, Románia, Oroszország, Ruanda, Saint Kitts és Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Szamoa, San Marino, São Tomé és Príncipe, Szaúd-Arábia, Szenegál, Szerbia és Montenegró, Seychelle-szigetek, Sierra Leone, Szingapúr, Szlovákia, Szlovénia, Salamon-szigetek, Dél-afrikai Köztársaság, Spanyolország, Srí Lanka, Szudán, Suriname, Szváziföld, Svédország, Svájc, Szíria, Tádzsikisztán, Tanzánia, Thaiföld, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad és Tobago, Tunézia, Törökország, Türkmenisztán, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukrajna, Arab Emírségek, Nagy-Britannia, Uruguay, Üzbegisztán, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Jemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Amerikai Egyesült Államok.

Ref. How the Convention on Biodiversity was Defeated in the Amerikai Egyesült Államok.

International bodies established by the convention

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The convention's governing body is the Conference of the Parties (COP), consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the Convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.

The Conference of the Parties uses expertise and support from several other bodies that are established by the Convention. In addition to committees or mechanisms established on an ad hoc basis, two main organs are:

  • The CBD Secretariat. Based in Montreal, it operates under the United Nations Environment Programme. Its main functions are to organize meetings, draft documents, assist member governments in the implementation of the programme of work, coordinate with other international organizations, and collect and disseminate information. In addition, the COP establishes as it sees fit. For example, it created a Working Group on Biosafety that met from 1996 to 199 nine and a Working Group on the knowledge of indigenous and local communities.
  • The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA). The SBSTTA is a committee composed of experts from member governments competent in relevant fields. It plays a key role in making recommendations to the COP on scientific and technical issues.

Individual country implementation

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Several of the signatory countries have established Biodiversity Action Plans to implement the outcome of the convention. For example, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Tanzania have carried out elaborate responses to conserve individual species and specific habitats. The United States of America, a signatory who has not yet ratified the treaty, has produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species Recovery Programs and other mechanisms long in place in the USA for species conservation.

Executive secretary to the convention

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The current executive secretary is Dr Ahmed Djoghlaf, who took up this post on 3 January 2006.


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The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world.

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The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit (or, in Portuguese, Eco '92) was a major conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992.

172 governments participated with 108 at level of heads of State or Government. Some 2,400 representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) attended, with 17,000 people at the parallel NGO Forum, who had so-called Consultative Status.

The issues addressed included:

  • systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste
  • alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change
  • new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smog
  • the growing scarcity of water

An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol. Another was agreement to "not carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate".

The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit, and made a start towards redefinition of money supply measures that did not inherently encourage destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth.

The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

Both Convention on Biological Diversity and Framework Convention on Climate Change were set as legally binding agreements.

Critics, however, point out that many of the agreements made in Rio have not been realized regarding such fundamental issues as fighting poverty and cleaning up the environment. *

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