Szerkesztő:Milei.vencel/Az orosz tört. kronológia

9. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
860		Rusz–bizánci háború (860) : A ruszok sikeres razziát indítottak Konstantinápoly ellen.
862		Rurik Novgorodban uralkodott, megalapítva a Rurikid-dinasztiát .
882		Novgorodi Oleg meghódította Kijevet, és odaköltöztette a fővárost.

10. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
907		Rusz-bizánci háború (907) : Oleg hadsereget vezetett Konstantinápoly falaihoz.
		Rusz-bizánci háború (907) : A rusz-bizánci szerződés lehetővé tette, hogy a rusz kereskedők őrzés alatt belépjenek a városba.
912		Oleg meghalt, utódja Igor lett, aki Rurik fia volt.
941	Lehet	Rusz-bizánci háború (941) : A rusz hadsereg partra szállt Bithyniánál .
	szeptember	Rusz-bizánci háború (941) : A bizánciak elpusztították a rusz flottáját.
945		Rusz-bizánci háború (941) : Újabb rusz-bizánci szerződést írtak alá. Rusz lemondott néhány bizánci területről.
		Igor meghalt; felesége , Olga a Kijevi Rusz régense lett fiuk, I. Szvjatoszlav miatt.
963		Olga régenssége véget ért.
965		Szvjatoszlav meghódította Kazáriát .
968		Kijev ostroma (968) : A besenyők ostromolták Kijevet . Egy rusz egy sokkal nagyobb hadsereg illúzióját keltette, és elriasztotta őket.
969	július 8	Szvjatoszlav a fővárost Kijevből a bulgáriai Perejaszlavecbe helyezte át.
971		A Bizánci Birodalom elfoglalta Perejaszlavecset . A főváros visszaköltözött Kijevbe .
972		Szvjatoszlávot a besenyők megölték egy expedíció során a területükön. Fia , Yaropolk I követte őt.
980		Yaropolkot bátyja , I. Vlagyimir, a Nagy elárulta és meggyilkolta, aki követte őt Kijev hercegeként.
981		Vlagyimir meghódította Vörös Ruténországot a lengyelektől .
988		Kijevi Rusz keresztényesítése : Vlagyimir lerombolta Kijev pogány bálványait, és arra buzdította a város lakóit, hogy keresztelkedjenek meg a Dnyeper folyóban .

11. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
1015		Vladimir meghalt. Utódja I. Sviatopolk lett, aki valószínűleg a biológiai fia lehetett Yaropolk feleségének megerőszakolása miatt. Szvjatopolk Vlagyimir három fiatalabb fiának meggyilkolását rendelte el.
1016		I. Jaroszlav, Szvjatopolk másik testvére, hadsereget vezetett ellene, és legyőzte őt, és arra kényszerítette, hogy Lengyelországba meneküljön.
1017		Jaroszlav kiadta az első orosz törvénykönyvet, a Russzkaja Pravdát .
1018		Lengyel expedíció Kijevbe : Szvjatopolk a lengyel hadsereget Oroszországba vezette. Vörös Ruténia visszakerült lengyel birtokba.
	augusztus 14	Lengyel expedíció Kijevbe : A lengyel hadsereg elfoglalta Kijevet ; Jaroszlav Novgorodba menekült.
1019		Jaroszlav legyőzte Szvjatopolkot és visszatért a kijevi hercegségbe. Autonómiát adott Novgorodnak korábbi hűsége jutalmaként. Sviatopolk meghalt.
1030		Jaroszlav visszahódította Vörös Ruténországot a lengyelektől .
1043	február 30	Rusz-bizánci háború (1043) : Jaroszlav sikertelen haditengerészeti rajtaütést vezetett Konstantinápoly ellen. A békeegyezség szerint Jaroszlav fia, I. Vszevolod feleségül vette Konstantin Monomachos bizánci császár lányát.
1054		Jaroszlav meghalt. Legidősebb fia, I. Iziaslav követte.
1068		Iziaslavot a népfelkelés megbuktatta, és Lengyelországba kényszerült menekülni.
1069		Iziaslav visszavezette a lengyel sereget Kijevbe, és újra felállt a trónon.
1073		Iziaslav két testvére, II. Szvjatoszlav és I. Vszevolod megbuktatta; előbbi Kijev hercege lett.
1076	december 27	Szvjatoszlav meghalt. I. Vszevolod követte, de a kijevi fejedelemséget Iziaslavra cserélte Csernyigovért cserébe.
1078		Iziaslav meghalt. Kijev trónja Vszevolodhoz került.
1093	április 13	Vszevolod meghalt. Kijev és Csernyigov Iziaslav törvénytelen fiához, II. Szvjatopolkhoz került.
	május 26	Stugna folyó csata : A rusz csapatok megtámadták a kunokat a Stugna folyónál, és vereséget szenvedtek.

12. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
1113	április 16	Sviatopolk meghalt. Utóda Vszevolod fia, unokatestvére, Vlagyimir II. Monomakh lett.
1125	május 19	Vladimir meghalt. Legidősebb fia, I. Msztyiszlav követte őt.
1132	április 14	Mstislav meghalt. Testvére , II. Jaropolk követte őt Kijev hercegeként.
1136		Novgorod kiutasította a Kijev által számukra kijelölt fejedelmet, és nagymértékben körülhatárolta a hivatal hatáskörét.
1139	február 18	Yaropolk meghalt. Öccse, Vjacseszlav követte őt, de márciusban Vjacseszlavot unokatestvére, Csernyigov hercege, Vszevolod megdöntötte.
1146	augusztus 1	Vszevolod meghalt. Testvére , Igor követte őt Kijev uralkodójaként. A kijevi polgárok megkövetelték tőle, hogy Vsevolod öreg bojárjait űzze le. Igor megesküdött, hogy teljesíti kérésüket, de aztán meggondolta magát. A kijevi polgárok úgy vélték, hogy az esküszegő már nem törvényes uralkodó, és úgy döntöttek, hogy Iziaslav perejaszlavli herceget megidézik Kijev új fejedelmének.
	augusztus 13	Iziaslav megbuktatta Igort . Igor testvére, Szvjatoszlav, Novgorod-Szeverszk hercege Jurij Dolgorukij rosztov-szuzdali herceg segítségét kérte Igor fogságból való kiszabadításához.
1147		Az első utalás Moszkvára, amikor Jurij Dolgorukij felszólította a Novgorod-Szeverszki Szvjatoszlavot, hogy „jöjjön el hozzám, testvér, Moszkvába”.
1149		Jurij Dolgorukij elfoglalta Kijevet. Iziaslav megszökött.
1150		Iziaslav chorniye klobuky segítségével kirúgta Jurijt Kijevből. Egy idő után, Galics Volodimirko segítségével, Jurij ismét bevette Kijevet.
1151		II. Géza magyar király segített Iziaslavnak Kijev visszatérésében. Jurij megszökött
1154	november 13	II. Iziaslav meghalt. Testvérét, Szmolenszk hercegét , Rosztyiszlavot megidézték, hogy legyen Kijev új fejedelme.
1155		Jurij Dolgorukij csernyigovi herceg segítségével kiutasította Rosztyiszlavot.
1157		Jurij, berúgtam és meghaltam. Csernyigovi Iziaslav lett Kijev fejedelme.
1159		Csernyigovi Iziaslavot Galics és Volyn fejedelmei megdöntötték. A szövetségesek Rosztyiszlavot ismét Kijev hercegének hívták.
1167		Rostislav meghalt. Unokaöccse, Volyn Msztyiszlav lett Kijev új uralkodója.
1169		Andrej Bogoljubszkij, Jurij Dolgorukij idősebb fia, az új erős Vlagyimir-Szuzdal hercegség fejedelme megtámadta és kifosztotta Kijevet. Az orosz hercegek többsége új nagyhercegnek ismerte el. A korábbi nagyfejedelmekkel ellentétben, Andrej I. nem költöztette ki rezidenciáját Kijevbe, hanem Vlagyimirban maradt. Andrey testvérét , Glebet nevezte ki Kijev hercegévé. Ettől kezdve Kijev nem volt az orosz földek központja. A politikai és kulturális központot Vlagyimirba helyezték át. Kijev új fejedelmei Vlagyimir-Szuzdal nagyfejedelmeitől váltak függővé

13. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
1223		A Kalka folyó csata : Rusz harcosai először találkoztak Dzsingisz kán mongol seregeivel.
1227		A bojár intrikák arra kényszerítették Msztyiszlavot, Novgorod hercegét, hogy a trónt vejének , II. Andrásnak adja át.
1236		Alekszandr Nyevszkijt a novgorodiak megidézték, hogy legyen Novgorod nagyfejedelme, és katonai vezetőjükként védje meg északnyugati földjüket a svéd és német hódítóktól.
1237	december	Mongol invázió Rusz ellen : Batu kán felgyújtotta Moszkvát, és lemészárolta és rabszolgává tette polgári lakosait.
1240	július 15	Névai csata : A novgorodi hadsereg legyőzte a svéd inváziós csapatot az Izhora és a Néva folyók találkozásánál.
1242	április 5	Jégcsata : Novgorod serege legyőzte a megszálló Teuton Lovagrendet a Peipus-tó befagyott felszínén.
1263	november 14	Nyevszkij meghalt. Apanázsai megosztottak voltak családján belül; legkisebb fia , Dániel lett Moszkva első hercege. Öccse , Tveri Jaroszlav lett Tveri és Vlagyimir nagyhercege, és Dániel kisebbsége idején helyetteseket nevezett ki a Moszkvai Hercegség irányítására.

14. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
1303	március 5	Daniel meghalt. Legidősebb fia , Jurij vált Moszkva hercegévé.
1317		Jurij feleségül vette üzbég kán nővérét, aki mongol herceg volt. Az üzbég leváltotta Vlagyimir nagyhercegét, és Jurist nevezte ki ebbe a hivatalba.
1322		Dmitrij, a Szörnyű Szemek, Vlagyimir utolsó nagyhercegének fia, meggyőzte üzbég kánt, hogy Jurij lopott a kán adópénzéből. Újra kinevezték Vlagyimir hercegségébe.
1325	november 21	Juryt Dmitrij gyilkolta meg. Öccse , Ivan I. Kalita követte őt.
1327	augusztus 15	A Mongol Birodalom Arany Hordájának nagykövete csapdába esett és élve elégették a Tveri Nagyhercegségben zajló felkelés során.
1328		Iván egy horda sereget vezetett Tver nagyhercege, egyben Vlagyimir nagyhercege ellen. Iván helyettesíthette az utóbbi irodában.
1340	március 31	Iván meghalt. Fia , Simeon követte Moszkva nagyhercegévé és Vlagyimir nagyhercegévé
1353		Simeon meghalt. Öccse , II. Iván, a The Fair váltotta őt Moszkva nagyhercegévé.
1359	november 13	Iván meghalt. Fia, Dmitrij Donszkoj követte őt.
1380	szeptember 8	Kulikovo-i csata : Egy moszkovita csapat legyőzte Mongóliából a lényegesen nagyobb Kék Horda seregét a Kulikovo-mezőn .
1382		Tokhtamysh mongol kán Moszkva kifosztásával és felgyújtásával erősítette meg hatalmát.
1389	május 19	Dmitri meghalt. A trón fiára, I. Vaszilijra került.

15. század

Év	Dátum	Esemény
1425	február	Meghaltam Vaszilij. Fia, II. Vaszilij követte Moszkva nagyhercegévé; felesége Sophia régens lett. Öccse, a zvenyigorodi Jurij Dmitrijevics szintén trónigényt adott ki.
1430		Jurij az Arany Horda kánjához fordult, hogy támogassa trónigényét. II. Vaszilij megtartotta a Moszkvai Hercegséget, de Jurij megkapta a Dmitrov hercegséget.
1432		Moszkvai polgárháború : II. Vaszilij hadsereg vezetett Dmitrov elfogására. Hadserege vereséget szenvedett, és Kolomnába kényszerült menekülni. Jurij megérkezett Moszkvába, és nagyhercegnek nyilvánította magát. II. Vaszilij kegyelmet kapott, és Kolomna polgármesterévé nevezték ki.
1433		Moszkvai polgárháború: A moszkovita bojárok kivonulása Vaszilij II. udvarába Kolomnába rávette Jurijt, hogy adja vissza Moszkvát unokaöccsének, és költözzön Galicsba .
1434		Moszkvai polgárháború: II. Vaszilij felgyújtotta Galicsot.
	március 16	Moszkvai polgárháború: Jurij Dmitrijevics hadserege legyőzte II. Vaszilij hadseregét. Utóbbi Nyizsnyij Novgorodba menekült .
	április 1	Moszkvai polgárháború: Jurij Moszkvába érkezett, és ismét nagyhercegnek nyilvánította magát.
	július 5	Yury meghalt. Legidősebb fia, Vaszilij kancsal követte őt a nagyhercegként.
1435		Moszkvai polgárháború: Jurij második fia, Dmitrij Semjaka szövetkezett Vaszilijjal II. Kancsal Vaszilijt kiutasították a Kremlből és megvakították. Vaszilij visszatért a nagyherceg trónjára.
1438		Orosz-Kazanyi háborúk : A nemrégiben megalakult Kazany Kánság kánja hadsereget vezetett Moszkva felé.
1445	július 7	Szuzdali csata : Az orosz hadsereg nagy vereséget szenvedett a kazanyi tatároktól . II. Vaszilij fogságba esett; a kormány működése Dmitrij Shemjakára hárult.
	december	Moszkvai polgárháború: II. Vaszilijt visszaváltották Moszkvába.
1446		Moszkvai polgárháború: Semyaka II. Vaszilijt megvakította és Uglicsba száműzte, magát pedig nagyhercegnek nyilvánította.
1450		Moszkvai polgárháború: A moszkvai bojárok kiűzték Semyakát a Kremlből, és visszahívták II. Vaszilijt a trónra.
1452		Moszkvai polgárháború: Shemyaka kénytelen volt a Novgorodi Köztársaságba menekülni.
1453		Shemyakát moszkvai ügynökök mérgezték meg.
1462	március 27	Vaszilij II meghalt. Fia , III. Iván, a Nagy utóda lett a nagyhercegnek.
1463		A Moszkvai Nagyhercegség annektálta a Jaroszlavli Hercegséget.
1471	július 14	Seloni csata : A moszkovita hadsereg legyőzte a számbelileg fölényben lévő novgorodi csapatot.
1474		A Moszkvai Nagyhercegség annektálta a Rosztovi Hercegséget.
1476		Ivan felhagyott a Nagy Horda tiszteletével.
1478	január 14	A Novgorodi Köztársaság megadta magát Moszkva fennhatóságának.
1480	november 11	Nagyszerű kiállás az Ugra folyón : Iván erői visszatartották a Nagy Horda Akhmat kánját Moszkva megszállásától.
1485		Iván annektálta a Tveri Nagyhercegséget.
1497		Iván kiadott egy törvénykönyvet, a Sudebnik-et, amely egységesítette a moszkvai jogot, kiterjesztette a büntető igazságszolgáltatás szerepét, és korlátozta a jobbágyok lehetőségét, hogy elhagyják gazdáikat.

16. század

Year	Date	Event
1505	27 October	Ivan died. He was succeeded as Grand Duke of Muscovy by his son, Vasili III.
1507		Russo-Crimean Wars: The Crimean Khanate raided the Muscovite towns of Belyov and Kozelsk.
1510		With the approval of most of the local nobility, Vasili arrived in the Pskov Republic and declared it dissolved.
1517		The last Grand Prince of the Ryazan Principality was captured and imprisoned in Moscow.
1533	3 December	Vasili died; his son Ivan IV, The Terrible, succeeded him. His wife Elena Glinskaya became regent.
1538	4 April	Glinskaya died. She was succeeded as regent by Prince Vasily Nemoy.
1547	16 January	An elaborate ceremony crowned Ivan the first Tsar of Russia.
1552	22 August	Siege of Kazan (1552): Russian armed forces arrived at Kazan.
	2 October	Siege of Kazan (1552): The Russian army breached the walls of Kazan.
	13 October	Siege of Kazan (1552): The civilian population of Kazan was massacred, the city occupied.
1553–1554		First book printed in Russia, the Narrow-typed Gospel Book.
1556		Russia conquered and annexed the Astrakhan Khanate.
1558		Livonian War: Ivan demanded a back-breaking tribute from the Bishopric of Dorpat. The Bishop sent diplomats to Moscow to renegotiate the amount; Ivan expelled them and invaded and occupied the Bishopric.
1560	2 August	Battle of Ergeme: Ivan's army crushed the forces of the Livonian Order.
1561	28 November	Livonian War: The Livonian Order agreed to the Union of Wilno, under which the Livonian Confederation was partitioned between Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark. Lithuania and Sweden sent troops to liberate their new territories from Russian possession.
1565	February	Ivan established the Oprichnina, a territory ruled directly by the tsar.
1569	1 July	The Union of Lublin was signed. Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were merged into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; Poland began aiding Lithuania in its war against Russia.
1572		The Oprichnina was abolished.
1581	16 November	Ivan killed his oldest son.
1582	15 January	Livonian War: The Peace of Jam Zapolski ended Polish–Lithuanian participation in the war. Russia gave up its claims to Livonia and the city of Polatsk.
	23 October	Battle of Chuvash Cape: Russian soldiers dispersed the armed forces of the Siberia Khanate from its capital, Qashliq.
1583		Livonian War: The war was ended with the Treaty of Plussa. Narva and the Gulf of Finland coast went to Sweden.
1584	18 March	Ivan died. The throne fell to his intellectually disabled son Feodor I; his son-in-law Boris Godunov took de facto charge of government.
1590	18 January	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): The Treaty of Plussa expired. Russian troops laid siege to Narva.
	25 February	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): A Swedish governor on the disputed territory surrendered to Russians.
1591	15 May	Dimitry Ivanovich, Ivan the Terrible's youngest son, died in exile from a stab wound to the throat. Long-regarded as murdered by agents of Boris Godunov, more recently scholars have begun to defend the theory that Dimitry's death was self-inflicted during an epileptic seizure.
1595	18 May	Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595): The Treaty of Tyavzino was signed. Ingria went to Russia.
1598	7 January	Feodor I died with no children giving a start to Time of Troubles
	21 February	A zemsky sobor elected Godunov the first non-Rurikid tsar of Russia.

17. század

Year	Date	Event
1601–03		Devastating famine, that undermined Boris's authority.
1604	October	False Dmitriy I, a man claiming to be the deceased Dmitriy Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV, invaded Russia with help of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1605	13 April	Boris died. His son Feodor II was pronounced tsar.
	1 June	A group of boyars defected in support of False Dmitriy, seized control of the Kremlin, and arrested Feodor.
	20 June	False Dmitriy and his army arrived in Moscow. Feodor and his mother were strangled.
	21 July	False Dmitriy was crowned tsar.
1606	8 May	False Dmitriy married a Catholic, Marina Mniszech, inflaming suspicions that he meant to convert Russia to Catholicism.
	17 May	Conservative boyars led by Vasili Shuisky stormed the Kremlin and shot False Dmitriy to death during his escape.
	19 May	Shuisky's allies declared him Tsar Vasili IV.
1607		False Dmitriy II, another claimant to the identity of Dmitriy Ivanovich, obtained financial and military support from a group of Polish magnates
1609	28 February	Vasili Shuisky ceded border territory to Sweden in exchange for military aid against the government of False Dmitriy II; around this time Smolenks got besieged
	September	Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618): The Polish king Sigismund III led an army into Russia;
1610	4 July	Battle of Klushino: Seven thousand Polish cavalrymen defeated a vastly superior Russian force at Klushino.
	19 July	Vasili was overthrown. A group of nobles, the Seven Boyars, replaced him at the head of the government.
	27 July	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): A truce was established. The boyars promised to recognize Sigismund's son and heir Władysław as tsar, conditional on severe limits to his power and his conversion to Orthodoxy.
	August	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): Sigismund rejected the boyars' conditions.
	December	Hermogenes, the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, urged the Muscovite people to rise against the Poles.
	11 December	False Dmitriy II was shot and beheaded by one of his entourage.
1612	1 November	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): Muscovite populace rising against the Poles recaptured the Kremlin.
1613		Ingrian War: Sweden invaded Russia.
	21 February	A zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov, a grandson of Ivan the Terrible's brother-in-law, the tsar of Russia.
1617	27 February	Ingrian War: The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the war. Kexholm, Ingria, Estonia and Livonia went to Sweden.
1618	11 December	Polish–Russian War (1609–1618): The Truce of Deulino ended the war. Russia ceded the city of Smolensk and the Czernihów Voivodeship to Poland.
1619	13 February	Feodor Romanov, Michael's father, was released from Polish prison and allowed to return to Moscow.
1632	October	Smolensk War: With the expiration of the Truce of Deulino, a Russian army was sent to lay siege to Smolensk.
1634	1 March	Smolensk War: The Russian army, surrounded, was forced to surrender.
	14 June	Smolensk War: The Treaty of Polyanovka was signed, ending the war. Poland retained Smolensk, but Władysław renounced his claim to the Russian throne.
1645	13 July	Michael died. His son, Alexis, succeeded him.
1648	25 January	Khmelnytsky Uprising: A Polish szlachta, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, leads the Cossacks of the Zaporizhian Sich against the Polish Crown.
	1 June	Salt Riot: Upset over the introduction of a salt tax, the townspeople launched a rebellion in Moscow.
	11 June	Salt Riot: A group of nobles demanded a zemsky sobor on behalf of the rebellion.
	3 July	Salt Riot: Many of the rebellion's leaders were executed.
	25 December	Khmelnytsky Uprising: Khmelnytsky entered the Ukrainian capital, Kiev.
1649	January	A zemsky sobor ratified a new legal code, the Sobornoye Ulozheniye.
1653		Raskol: Nikon, the Patriarch of Moscow, reformed Russian liturgy to align with the rituals of the Greek Church.
1654	January	Khmelnytsky Uprising: Under the Treaty of Pereyaslav, Left-bank Ukraine, the territory of the Zaporozhian Host, allies itself with Russia.
	March–April	Raskol: Nikon arranges a church council, which decides to correct Russian divine service books using ancient Greek and Slavic manuscripts.
	July	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Russian army invaded Poland.
1655		Swedish Deluge: Sweden invaded the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	3 July	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Russian army captured Vilnius.
	25 July	Swedish Deluge: The voivode of Poznań surrendered to the Swedish invaders.
	2 November	Russia negotiated a ceasefire with Poland.
1656	July	Russo–Swedish War (1656–1658): Russian reserves invaded Ingria.
1658	26 February	Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658): The Treaty of Roskilde ended Sweden's war with Denmark, allowing her to shift her troops to the eastern conflicts.
	10 July	Raskol: Patriarch Nikon leaves Moscow.
	16 September	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Treaty of Hadiach established a military alliance between Poland and the Zaporozhian Host, and promised the creation of a Commonwealth of three nations: Poland, Lithuania and Rus'.
	28 December	Russo–Swedish War (1656–1658): The Treaty of Valiesar established a peace. The conquered Ingrian territories were ceded to Russia for three years.
1660	23 April	Swedish Deluge: The Treaty of Oliva ended the conflict between Poland and Sweden.
1661		Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): Polish forces recaptured Vilnius.
	1 July	The Treaty of Valiesar expired. Russia returned Ingria to the Swedish Empire by the Treaty of Cardis.
1662	25 July	Copper Riot: In the early morning, a group of Muscovites marched to Kolomenskoye and demanded punishment for the government ministers who had debased Russia's copper currency. On their arrival, they were countered by the military; a thousand were hanged or drowned. The rest were exiled.
1665		Lubomirski's Rokosz: A Polish nobleman launched a rokosz (rebellion) against the king.
		The pro-Turkish Cossack noble Petro Doroshenko defeated his pro-Russian adversaries in the Right-bank Ukraine.
1666	April–May	Raskol: Great Moscow Synod deposed Nikon from the patriarchy. The Old Believers were anathematized.
1667	30 January	Russo-Polish War (1654–1667): The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the war between Poland and Russia without Cossack representation. Poland agreed to cede the Smoleńsk and Czernihów Voivodships and acknowledged Russian control over the Left-bank Ukraine.
1669		Doroshenko signed a treaty that recognized his state as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
1670		The Cossack Stenka Razin began a rebellion against the Russian government.
1671		Razin was captured, tortured, and quartered in Red Square on the Lobnoye Mesto.
1674		The Cossacks of the Right-bank Ukraine elected the pro-Russian Ivan Samoylovych, Hetman of the Left-bank Ukraine, to replace Doroshenko and become the Hetman of a unified Ukraine.
1676		Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): The Ottoman army joined Doroshenko's forces in an attack on the Left-bank city of Chyhyryn.
	29 January	Alexis died. His son Feodor III became tsar.
	1 February	Raskol: The 8-year-long siege of Solovki ended.
1680		Russo-Crimean Wars: The Crimean invasions of Russia ended.
1681	3 January	Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681): The war ended with the Treaty of Bakhchisarai. The Russo-Turkish border was settled at the Dnieper River.
1682	January	Feodor III abolished the mestnichestvo, an ancient, un-meritocratic system of making political appointments.
	14 April	Raskol: Avvakum, the most prominent leader of the Old Believer movement, was burned at the stake.
	27 April	Feodor died with no children. Peter I, Alexis's son by his second wife Natalia Naryshkina, was declared tsar. His mother became regent.
	17 May	Moscow Uprising of 1682: Streltsy regiments belonging to the faction of Alexis's first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, took over the Kremlin, executed Naryshkina's brothers, and declared Miloslavskaya's invalid son Ivan V the "senior tsar," with Peter remaining on the throne as the junior. Miloslavskaya's oldest daughter Sophia Alekseyevna became regent.
1687	May	Crimean campaigns: Russian army launched an invasion against an Ottoman vassal, the Crimean Khanate.
	17 June	Crimean campaigns: Faced with a burned steppe incapable of feeding their horses, Russians turned back.
1689	June	Fyodor Shaklovity, the head of the Streltsy Department, persuaded Sophia to proclaim herself tsarina and attempted to ignite a new rebellion in her support. The streltsy instead defected in support of Peter.
	11 October	Shaklovity was executed.
1696	29 January	Ivan V died.
	23 April	Second Azov campaign: Russian army began its deployment to an important Ottoman fortress, Azov.
	27 May	Second Azov campaign: Russian navy arrived at the sea and blockaded Azov.
	19 July	Second Azov campaign: The Ottoman garrison surrendered.
1698	6 June	Streltsy Uprising: Approximately four thousand streltsy overthrew their commanders and headed to Moscow, where they meant to demand the enthroning of the exiled Sophia Alekseyevna.
	18 June	Streltsy Uprising: The rebels were defeated.
1700	19 August	Great Northern War: Russia declared war on Sweden.
	16 October	Adrian, the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, died. Peter prevented the election of a successor.

18. század

Year	Date	Event
1703	27 May	Foundation of Saint Petersburg.
1707	8 October	Bulavin Rebellion: A small band of Don Cossacks killed a noble searching their territory for tax fugitives.
1708	7 July	Bulavin Rebellion: After a series of devastating military reversals, Bulavin was shot by his former followers.
	18 December	An imperial decree divided Russia into eight guberniyas (governorates).
1709	28 June	Battle of Poltava: A decisive Russian military victory over the Swedes at Poltava marked the turning point of the war, the end of Cossack independence and the dawn of the Russian Empire.
1710	14 October	The Russian guberniyas were divided into lots according to noble population.
	20 November	Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711): Charles XII of Sweden persuaded the Ottoman sultan to declare war on Russia.
1711	22 February	Government reform of Peter I: Peter established the Governing Senate to pass laws in his absence.
	21 July	Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711): Peace was concluded with the Treaty of the Pruth. Russia returned Azov to the Ottoman Empire and demolished the town of Taganrog.
1713	8 May	The Russian capital was moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg.
	17 July	The Riga Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Livonia.
		The territory of the Smolensk Governorate was divided between the Moscow and Riga Governorates.
1714	15 January	The northwestern territory of the Kazan Governorate was transferred to the newly established Nizhny Novgorod Governorate.
1715	11 October	Peter demanded that his son, the tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, endorse his reforms or renounce his right to the throne.
1716		Alexei fled to Vienna to avoid military service.
1717	22 November	The Astrakhan Governorate was formed on the southern lands of Kazan Governorate.
		The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reincorporated into the Kazan Governorate.
	12 December	Government reform of Peter I: Peter established collegia, government ministries that superseded the prikazy.
1718	31 January	Alexei returned to Moscow under a promise he would not be harmed.
	18 February	After torture, Alexei publicly renounced the throne and implicated a number of reactionaries in a conspiracy to overthrow his father.
	13 June	Alexei was put on trial for treason.
	26 June	Alexei died after torture in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
1719	29 May	Lots were abolished; the guberniyas were divided instead into provinces, each governed and taxed under a preexisting elected office (the Voyevoda). Provinces were further divided into districts, replacing the old uyezds. The district commissars were to be elected by local gentry.
		The Nizhny Novgorod Governorate was reestablished.
		The Reval Governorate was established on the conquered territory of Estonia.
1721	25 January	Peter established the Holy Synod, a body of ten clergymen chaired by a secular official, that was to head the Russian Orthodox Church in lieu of the Patriarch of Moscow.
	30 August	Great Northern War: The Treaty of Nystad ended the war. Sweden ceded Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia.
	22 October	Peter was declared Emperor.
1722		Peter introduced the Table of Ranks, which granted the privileges of nobility based on state service.
	July	Russo-Persian War (1722–1723): A Russian military expedition sailed in support of the independence of two Christian kingdoms, Kartli and Armenia.
1723	12 September	Russo-Persian War (1722–1723): The Persian shah signed a peace treaty ceding the cities of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Shirvan, Guilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad to the Russian Empire.
1725	28 January	Peter died of urinary problems. He failed to name a successor; one of Peter's closest advisers, Aleksandr Menshikov, convinced the Imperial Guard to declare in favor of Peter's wife Catherine I.
1726		The Smolensk Governorate was reestablished.
	8 February	Catherine established an advisory body, the Supreme Privy Council.
1727		Catherine established the Belgorod and Novgorod Governorates and adjusted the borders of several others. Districts were abolished; uyezds were reestablished.
	17 May	Catherine died.
	18 May	According to Catherine's wishes the eleven-year-old Peter II, the son of Alexei Petrovich and grandson of Peter the Great, became emperor. The Supreme Privy Council was to hold power during his minority.
	9 September	The conservative members of the Supreme Privy Council expelled its most powerful member, the liberal Menshikov.
1730	30 January	Peter died of smallpox.
	1 February	The Supreme Privy Council offered the throne to Anna Ivanovna, the daughter of Ivan V, on the conditions that the Council retain the powers of war and peace and taxation, among others, and that she never marry or appoint an heir.
	4 March	Anna tore up the terms of her accession and dissolved the Supreme Privy Council.
1736	20 May	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russian army captured the Ottoman fortifications at Perekop.
	19 June	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Russians captured Azov.
1737	July	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): Austria joined the war on the Russian side.
1739	21 August	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): Austria agreed by the Treaty of Belgrade to end its participation in the war.
	18 September	Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739): The Treaty of Nissa ended the war. Russia gave up its claims on Crimea and Moldavia and its navy was barred from the Black Sea.
1740	17 October	Anna died of kidney disease. She left the throne to her adopted infant son, Ivan VI.
	18 October	Anna's lover, Ernst Johann von Biron, was declared regent.
	8 November	Biron was arrested on the orders of his rival, the Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. Ivan's biological mother, Anna Leopoldovna, replaced Biron as regent.
1741	8 August	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Sweden declared war on Russia.
	25 November	Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Peter the Great, led the Preobrazhensky regiment to the Winter Palace to overthrow the regency of Anna Leopoldovna and install herself as empress.
	2 December	Ivan was imprisoned in the Daugavgriva fortress.
1742	4 September	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): Encircled by the Russians at Helsinki, the Swedish army surrendered.
1743	7 August	Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743): The Treaty of Åbo was signed, ending the war. Russia relinquished most of the conquered territory, keeping only the lands east of the Kymi River. In exchange Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, the uncle of the Russian heir to the throne, was to become King of Sweden.
1744		The Vyborg Governorate was established on conquered Swedish territories.
1755		Mikhail Lomonosov and Count Ivan Shuvalov founded the University of Moscow.
1756	29 August	Seven Years' War: The Kingdom of Prussia invaded the Austrian protectorate of Saxony.
1757	1 May	Diplomatic Revolution: Under the Second Treaty of Versailles, Russia joined the Franco-Austrian military alliance.
	17 May	Seven Years' War: Russian troops entered the war.
1761	25 December	Miracle of the House of Brandenburg: Elizabeth died. Her nephew, Peter III, became emperor.
1762	5 May	Seven Years' War: The Treaty of Saint Petersburg ended Russian participation in the war at no territorial gain.
	17 July	Peter was overthrown by the Imperial Guard and replaced with his wife, Catherine II, The Great, on her orders.
1764	5 July	A group of soldiers attempted to release the imprisoned Ivan VI; he was murdered.
1767	10 August	The Instruction of Catherine the Great is issued to the Legislative Commission.
	13 October	Repnin Sejm: Four Polish senators who opposed the policies of the Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin were arrested by Russian troops and imprisoned in Kaluga.
1768	27 February	Repnin Sejm: Delegates of the Sejm adopted a treaty ensuring future Russian influence in Polish internal politics.
	29 February	Polish nobles established the Bar Confederation in order to end Russian influence in their country.
	25 September	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): The Ottoman sultan declared war on Russia.
1771	15 September	Plague Riot: A crowd of rioters entered Red Square, broke into the Kremlin and destroyed the Chudov Monastery.
	17 September	Plague Riot: The army suppressed the riot.
1772	5 August	The first partition of Poland was announced. Poland lost 30% of its territory, which was divided between Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
1773		Pugachev's Rebellion: The army of the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev attacked and occupied Samara.
	18 September	A confederated sejm was forced to ratify the first partition of Poland.
1774	21 July	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774): The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed. The portion of the Yedisan region east of the Southern Bug river, the Kabarda region in the Caucasus, and several Crimean ports, went to Russia. The Crimean Khanate received independence from the Ottoman Empire, which also declared Russia the protector of Christians on its territory.
	14 September	Pugachev's Rebellion: Upset with the rebellion's bleak outlook, Pugachev's officers delivered him to the Russians.
1783	8 April	The Crimean Khanate was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
	24 July	Threatened by the Persian and Ottoman Empires, the kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk under which it became a Russian protectorate.
1788		Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia and imprisoned her ambassador.
	27 June	Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): The Swedish army playacted a skirmish between themselves and the Russians.
	6 July	Battle of Hogland: The Russian navy dispersed a Swedish invasion fleet near Hogland in the Gulf of Finland.
	6 October	Great Sejm: A confederated sejm was called to restore the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1790	14 August	Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790): The Treaty of Värälä ended the war, with no changes in territory.
1791	3 May	Great Sejm: Poland's Constitution of 3 May was ratified in secret. The new constitution abolished the liberum veto, reducing the power of the nobles and limiting Russia's ability to influence Polish internal politics.
	23 December	Catherine established the Pale of Settlement, an area in European Russia into which Russian Jews were transported.
1792	9 January	Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792): The Treaty of Jassy was signed, ending the war. The Russian border in Yedisan was extended to the Dniester river.
	18 May	Polish–Russian War of 1792: The army of the Targowica Confederation, which opposed the liberal Polish Constitution of 3 May, invaded Poland.
1793	23 January	Polish–Russian War of 1792: The second partition of Poland left the country with one-third of its 1772 population.
	23 November	Grodno Sejm: The last sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ratified the second partition.
1794	24 March	Kościuszko Uprising: An announcement by Tadeusz Kościuszko sparked a nationalist uprising in Poland.
	4 November	Battle of Praga: Russian troops captured the Praga borough of Warsaw and massacred its civilian population.
	5 November	Kościuszko Uprising: The uprising ended with the Russian occupation of Warsaw.
1795	11 September	Battle of Krtsanisi: The Persian army demolished the armed forces of Kartl-Kakheti.
	24 October	The third partition of Poland divided up the remainder of its territory.
1796	April	Persian Expedition of 1796: Catherine launched a military expedition to punish Persia for its incursion into the Russian protectorate of Kartl-Kakheti.
	5 November	Catherine suffered a stroke in the bathtub.
	6 November	Catherine died. The throne fell to her son, Paul I.

19. század

Year	Date	Event
1801	8 January	Paul authorized the incorporation of Kartl-Kakheti into the Russian empire.
	11 March	Paul was killed in his bed.
	23 March	Paul's son, Alexander I, ascended to the throne.
1802		Alexander established the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).
1804		Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): Russian forces attacked the Persian settlement of Üçkilise.
1805		The Ottoman Empire dismissed the pro-Russian hospodars of its vassal states, Wallachia and Moldavia.
	26 December	War of the Third Coalition: The Treaty of Pressburg ceded Austrian possessions in Dalmatia to France.
1806	October	To counter the French presence in Dalmatia, Russia invaded Wallachia and Moldavia.
	27 December	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1807	14 June	Battle of Friedland: The Russian army suffered a defeat against the French, suffering twenty thousand dead.
	7 July	The Treaty of Tilsit was signed. Alexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia and ceded the Ionian Islands and Cattaro to the French. The treaty ended Russia's conflict with France; Napoleon promised to aid Russia in conflicts with the Ottoman Empire.
	16 November	Alexander demanded that Sweden close the Baltic Sea to British warships.
1808	21 February	Finnish War: Russian troops crossed the Swedish border and captured Hämeenlinna.
1809	29 March	Diet of Porvoo: The four Estates of Finland swore allegiance to the Russian crown.
	17 September	Finnish War: The Treaty of Fredrikshamn was signed, ending the war and ceding Finland to the Russian Empire.
1810		The first military settlement was established near Klimovichi.
	1 January	Alexander established the State Council, which received the executive powers of the Governing Senate.
	20 February	The Russian government proclaimed the deposition of Solomon II from the throne of Imereti.
1811	27 March	Regional military companies were merged into the Internal Guard.
1812	28 May	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812): The Treaty of Bucharest ended the war and transferred Bessarabia to Russia.
	24 June	French invasion of Russia (1812): The French army crossed the Neman River into Russia.
	14 September	French invasion of Russia (1812): The French army entered a deserted Moscow, the high-water mark of their invasion.
	14 December	French invasion of Russia (1812): The last French troops were forced off of Russian territory.
1813	24 October	Russo-Persian War (1804–1813): According to the Treaty of Gulistan, the Persian Empire ceded its Transcaucasian territories to Russia.
1815	9 June	Congress of Vienna: The territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was divided between Prussia, Russia, and three newly established states: the Grand Duchy of Posen, the Free City of Kraków and Congress Poland. The latter was a constitutional monarchy with Alexander as its king.
1825	19 November	Alexander died of typhus. The army swore allegiance to his oldest brother, the Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich. Constantine, however, following Alexander's choice of successor, swore allegiance to his younger brother, Nicholas I.
	12 December	Under pressure from Constantine, Nicholas published Alexander's succession manifesto.
	14 December	Decembrist revolt: Three thousand soldiers gathered at the Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, and declared their loyalty to Constantine and to the idea of a Russian constitution. When talk failed, the tsarist army dispersed the demonstrators with artillery, killing at least sixty.
1826		An imperial decree established the Second Section of His Majesty's Own Chancery, concerned with codifying and publishing the law, and the Third Section, which operated as the Empire's secret police.
	July	Nicholas established the office of Chief of Gendarmes, in charge of the Gendarmerie units of the Internal Guard.
	16 July	Russo-Persian War (1826–1828): The Persian army invaded the Russian-owned Talysh Khanate.
1828	21 February	Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay.
	May	The Russian army occupied Wallachia.
	June	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): The Russian armed forces crossed into Dobruja, an Ottoman territory.
1829	14 September	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829): The Treaty of Adrianople was signed, ceding the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube to the Russians.
1830	29 November	November Uprising: A group of Polish nationalists attacked Belweder Palace, the seat of the Governor-General.
1831	25 January	November Uprising: An act of the Sejm dethroned Nicholas from the Polish crown.
	29 January	November Uprising: A new government took office in Poland.
	4 February	November Uprising: Russian troops crossed the Polish border.
	September	Battle of Warsaw (1831): The Russian army captured Warsaw, ending the November Uprising.
1836		The Gendarmerie of the Internal Guard was spun off as the Special Corps of Gendarmes.
1852	December	The Ottoman sultan confirmed the supremacy of France and the Catholic Church over Christians in the Holy Land.
1853	3 July	Russia invaded the Ottoman provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia.
	4 October	Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.
1854	28 March	Crimean War: Britain and France declared war on Russia.
	August	Crimean War: In order to prevent the Austrian Empire entering the war, Russia evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia.
1855	18 February	Nicholas died. His son, Alexander II, became emperor.
1856	30 March	Crimean War: The Treaty of Paris was signed, officially ending the war. The Black Sea was demilitarized. Russia lost territory it had been granted at the mouth of the Danube, abandoned claims to protect Turkish Christians, and lost its influence over the Danubian Principalities.
1857		The last military settlements were disbanded.
1858	28 May	The Treaty of Aigun was signed, pushing the Russo-Chinese border east to the Amur river; Tariff Act reduces import tax.
1860	18 October	The Convention of Peking transferred the Ussuri krai from China to Russia.
1861	3 March	Emancipation reform of 1861: Alexander issued a manifesto emancipating the serfs; Student Protests against the Tsar.
1863	22 January	January Uprising: An anti-Imperial uprising began in Poland; girls allowed into secondary schools and standard curriculum set.
1864	1 January	Zemstva were established for the local self-government of Russian citizens.
	1 May	The Russian army began an incursion into the Khanate of Kokand.
	21 May	Caucasian War: Alexander declared the war over.
	5 August	January Uprising: Romuald Traugutt, the dictator of the rebellion, was hanged.
	20 November	Judicial reform of Alexander II: A royal decree introduced new laws unifying and liberalizing the Russian judiciary.
1865	17 June	The Russian army captured Tashkent
1867		The conquered territories of Central Asia became a separate Guberniya, the Russian Turkestan.
	30 March	Alaska purchase: Russia agreed to the sale of Alaska to the United States of America.
1868		The Khanate of Kokand became a Russian vassal state.
1870		More vocational subjects taught to girls in schools
1873		The Narodnik rebellion began.
		The Emirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate.
	18 May	Khiva was captured by Russian troops.
	12 August	A peace treaty was signed that established the Khanate of Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate.
1876	March	The Khanate of Kokand was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
	20 April	April Uprising: Bulgarian nationalists attacked the Ottoman police headquarters in Oborishte.
	May	Alexander signed the Ems Ukaz, banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print.
	8 July	A secret treaty prepared for the division of the Balkans between Russia and Austria-Hungary, depending on the outcome of local revolutionary movements.
	6 December	Kazan demonstration: A political demonstration in front of the Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg marked the appearance of the revolutionary group Land and Liberty.
1877	February	The Trial of the 193 occurred, punishing the participants of the Narodnik rebellion.
	24 April	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
1878	3 March	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878): The Treaty of San Stephano was signed, concluding the war and transferring Northern Dobruja and some Caucasian territories into Russian hands. Several Slavic states, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria, received independence or autonomy.
	13 July	Congress of Berlin: The Treaty of Berlin, imposed on Russia by the West, divided Bulgaria into Eastern Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria.
1879	August	Land and Liberty split into the moderate Black Repartition and the radical terrorist group People's Will.
1880	6 August	The Special Corps of Gendarmes and the Third Section were disbanded; their functions and most capable officers were transferred to the new Department of State Police under the MVD.
1881		Constitution proposed, Alexander II agrees to it but doesn't get a chance to sign it
	10 March	Alexander II was assassinated by Ignacy Hryniewiecki of the People's Will. His son, Alexander III, becomes emperor.
	21 September	Persia officially recognized Russia's annexation of Khwarazm in the Treaty of Akhal.
1882		Alexander III introduces factory inspections and restricts working hours for women and children
	3 May	Alexander III introduced the May Laws, which expelled Russian Jews from rural areas and small towns and severely restricted their access to education
1883		Peasant Land Bank set up
1890	12 June	An imperial decree subordinated the zemstva to the authority of the appointed regional governors.
1891		Severe famine affects almost half of Russia's provinces
1892		Witte's Great Spurt increases industrial growth; women banned from mines and children under 12 banned from working in factories
1894	1 November	Alexander III dies. His son Nicholas II succeeds him as emperor.
1898	1 March	The Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) held its first Party Congress.
1900	16 July onward	In response to a local trade blockade, Russia invades and occupies the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River. All 30,000 Qing Dynasty citizens are expelled from their homes and driven across the Amur River, where most drown.
	6 February	As part of the Russification of Finland, Nicholas issues the Language Manifesto of 1900, making Russian the official language of Finnish administration.