Szerkesztő:Kreamar/Generalisszimusz

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Szuvorov arcképe 1830-ból
Sztálin utánszínezett arcképe

A generalisszimusz rang számos országban a legfelsőbb katonai rendfokozat. Ezt a kivételes címet a történelem során Joszif Visszarionovics Sztálinon kívül mások is viselték

A rang története[szerkesztés]

Oroszország háborúkban gazdag 18. századi történelme olyan orosz hadvezérek egész sorát termelte ki, akik közül többen a generalisszimuszi címet is megkapták, mint például Borisz Seremetyev gróf, tábornagy, Alekszander Menysikov herceg és Alekszander Alekszandr Vasziljevics Szuvorov herceg . (Szuvorov, aki - nemzetközileg is elismert hadvezéri képességei mellett - az orosz hadtudomány kiemelkedő művelőjévé is vált, ezt a rangot 1799. november 8-tól viselte.)[1]

A Szovjetunióban második világháború győztes lezárását követően 1945 júniusában hozták létre Sztálin számára Az ő halála után ez a rang betöltetlen maradt, bár mind Hruscsov, mind Brezsnyev számára felmerült az adományozásának ötlete, és formálisan csak 1993-ban szüntették meg.

A generalisszimuszok listája[szerkesztés]

Neve Hadserege Országa Időszak Jegyzetek
Csang Kaj-sek National Revolutionary Army Republic of China 1926-1975 Appointed commander in chief of the Nationalist Army for the Northern Expedition.[2] In 1935 was appointed "general special class" (特級上將 Tèjí shàng jiàng).
Joffre, JosephJoseph Joffre French Army France 1914 His dignity (rank) was Marshal of France, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Army was généralissime.[3]
Menshikov, Alexander DanilovichAlexander Danilovich Menshikov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1727–1728 [4]
Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1740–1741 [5]
Alekszandr Vasziljevics Szuvorov Russian Imperial Army Russian Empire 1799
Foch, FerdinandFerdinand Foch Francia hadsereg Franciaország 1918 Généralissime was the title used to describe Ferdinand Foch's Allied Command, starting March 26, 1918. He actually held the rank cof général de division, the dignity (rank) of Marshal of France and later the ranks of British field marshal and marshal of Poland.[6]
Maurice Gamelin [Francia hadsereg Franciaország 1939 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Weygand, MaximeMaxime Weygand Francia hadsereg Franciaország 1940 His rank was général d'armée, but his title as commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces was généralissime.
Francisco de Miranda Venezuelai hadsereg Venezuela 1812
Hidalgo y Costilla, MiguelMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla Revolutionary Army of Mexico América Mexicana 1810– 1811 [7]
Morelos, José MaríaJosé María Morelos Revolutionary Army of Mexico América Mexicana 1813–1815 [8]
Iturbide, Agustín deAgustín de Iturbide Mexican Army América Mexicana 1821–1823 [9]
Gómez, MáximoMáximo Gómez Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Cuba 1895–1898 [10]
de San Martín, JoséJosé de San Martín Perui hadsereg Peru 1821–1822 Generalísimo de las Armas del Perú
Franco, FranciscoFrancisco Franco Spanish Armed Forces Spanyolország 1936–1975 Generalísimo, was used as a combination rank as he held the highest possible rank in all three branches of service. capitán general, capitán general del Aire, capitán general de la Armada.[11]
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippines 1898–1901 Generalissimo of the Katipunan[12]
Ihsan Nuri Ararat Forces Kurdish Republic of Ararat 1927–1930 [13]
William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe Royal Portuguese Army Portugal 1762–1763 William became Generalissimus of the Allied Armies in Portugal during the Spanish Invasion.
Prince Consort Frederick of Hesse Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1716–1720 Fredrick was named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces in 1716 by King Charles XII.[14]
XIV. Károly János svéd király Royal Swedish Army Sweden 1810–1818 Named Generalissimo of the Swedish Armed Forces on October 20, 1810, upon his arrival to Sweden. Charles John had the singular distinction of having been offered the role of Generalissimo of four different nations: Sweden (accepted), Imperial Russia, offered by Alexander during the Conference at Åbo in 1812,[15] of a restored Bourbon France in 1814 (offered by Louis XVIII's brother the Comte D'Artois),[16] and a desperate offer by Napoleon in early 1814 as an inducement for Sweden to switch its alliance to France.[17] Charles John declined the latter three.[18][19][Note 1]
Joszif Visszarionovics Sztálin Soviet Armed Forces Szovjetunió 1945 Generalissimus of the Soviet Union[20] (declined usage)
Jang Do-young Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, Army Chief of Staff Jang Do-Young was appointed as a figurehead for the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction which had overthrown the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup.[21] Jang served as the Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea (대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장) but was quickly deposed by Major General Park Chung Hee, the main instigator of the coup because Jang desired a restoration of civilian rule once the military restored order.[22]
Park Chung Hee Republic of Korea Army South Korea 1961-1963 Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, Major General Park Chung Hee was the main instigator of the military forces that overthrew the Second Republic of Korea in the May 16 Coup. Initially serving as Vice Chairman, he later deposed General Jang, who had been the figurehead behind the military junta and declared himself Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction of the Republic of Korea (대한민국의 국가재건최고회의 의장). He ruled Korea through a military junta until 1963, when he was inaugurated as President following the 1963 South Korean presidential election.
Kim Il-sung Korean People's Army North Korea 1992 Taewonsu[23][24]
Kim Jong-il Korean People's Army North Korea 2012 Taewonsu (posthumously awarded)[25][24]
Yeon Gaesomun Military history of Korea Goguryeo 642-665 Dae Magniji, overthrew Yeongnyu of Goguryeo and placed Bojang of Goguryeo, the nephew of Yeongnyu as his puppet and declared himself Dae Magniji (대막리지; 大莫離支) [26]
Yeon Namsaeng Military history of Korea Goguryeo 665-666 Dae Magniji, succeeded his father Yeon Gaesomun, but was overthrown by his brother Yeon Nam-geon[27]
Yeon Nam-geon Military history of Korea Goguryeo 666-668 Dae Magniji, overthrew his brother Yeon Namsaeng and was the last Generalissimo of Goguryeo before it fell against the Tang-Silla Alliance [27]
Trujillo, RafaelRafael Trujillo Dominiai hadsereg Dominikai Köztársaság 1930 [28]
Sun Yat-sen National Revolutionary Army – Warlord Era (Northern Expedition) Republic of China 1921 Technically as da yuan shuai or "grand marshal of the army and navy"[29][30]
Albrecht von Wallenstein Thirty Years' War Holy Roman Empire via the "Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation"[31] 1625 [32]
Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg Austrian Army Austrian Empire 1813–1814 Generalissimo of the Armies of the Habsburg Empire and senior Field Marshal of the combined forces of the Sixth Coalition. He led the largest Allied field army, the Army of Bohemia, during the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the Invasion of France in early 1814.[33]
Pershing, John J.John J. Pershing United States Army United States of America 1919 Promoted to General of the Armies of the United States on September 3, 1919.[34]
Mao Zedong People's Liberation Army People's Republic of China 1955 Proposed the rank of Generalissimo of the People's Republic of China (declined usage)
Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, JohnJohn Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough War of the Spanish Succession Dutch Republic 1702 Referred to as generalissimo by the Dutch States General.[35]
George of Denmark, PrincePrince George of Denmark British Army Kingdom of Great Britain 1702–1708 Declared "generalissimo of all our Forces within Our Kingdom of England and Ireland and Elsewhere" by his wife Queen Anne[36][37]
Duke of York, James,James, Duke of York Third Anglo-Dutch War Kingdom of England 1673 "Generalissimo and supreme commander' over forces employed against the Dutch.[36]
Dauphin of France, LouisLouis Dauphin of France War of the Spanish Succession France 1708 Commanded French Army[38]
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington Continental Army
United States Army		 United States of America 1776 When chosen to be the commander-in-chief, was called by the Virginia Gazette the generalissimo of the American forces.[39] Promoted posthumously to General of the Armies of the United States on January 19, 1976, with date of rank of July 4, 1976.[40]
da Fonseca, DeodoroDeodoro da Fonseca Brazilian Army Brazil 1890 [41]
Kalākaua Hawaiian Army Kingdom of Hawaii 1886–1891 King of Hawaii, was given titles of "supreme commander and generalissimo of the Hawaiian Army".[42]
Zhang Zuolin National Pacification Army Republic of China (1912–1949) 1927–1928 Leader of the Beiyang government, declared generalissimo (da yuan shuai) in June 1927[43]
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan Empire of Japan 1926–1945 Dai-gensui, as sovereign ruler of the Empire of Japan[44]

Jegyzetek[szerkesztés]

  1. ↑ Tömösváry Zsigmond: Pjotr Alekszandrovics Rumjancev tábornagy – A hadvezér és az állam.
  2. ↑ The New York Times, December 4, 1926, pg.6.
  3. ↑ Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (angol nyelven). Harvard University Press, 232. o. (2009. június 30.). ISBN 978-0-674-03431-0 
  4. ↑ "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
  5. ↑ Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774). hermitagemuseum.org, 2023 (Hozzáférés: 2023. január 14.)
  6. ↑ John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
  7. ↑ Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.
  8. ↑ Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies (spanish nyelven). Gobierno de México . Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura. (Hozzáférés: 2022. július 3.)
  9. ↑ (1985. április 25.) „The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal”. Journal of Latin American Studies 17 (1), 79–110. o. DOI:10.1017/S0022216X00009202. ISSN 0022-216X.  
  10. ↑ Generalísimo Máximo Gómez, ejemplo de internacionalismo y genio militar (spanyol nyelven). Contraloría General de la República . (Hozzáférés: 2022. szeptember 16.)
  11. ↑ "Franco of Iberia". Time, October 18, 1943. cover.
  12. ↑ Sablon:Cite archive
  13. ↑ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes Sablon:In lang
  14. ↑ Pock, Johann Joseph. Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt. Brechenmacher, 832. o. (1724) „wurde 1720. von dem König in Schweden ... zum Generalissimo der sämmtlichen Schwedischen Trouppen ernennet” 
  15. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
  16. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
  17. ↑ Scott, Franklin (1935). Bernadotte and the Fall of Napoleon. P. 153. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  18. ↑ Sablon:In lang Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
  19. ↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
  20. ↑ Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. Sablon:In lang
  21. ↑ CURENT[sic SITUATION IN SOUTH KOREA - CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)]. www.cia.gov . [2023. január 1-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2019. november 30.)
  22. ↑ The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea.. Harvard University Press, 89. o. (2011. április 25.) 
  23. ↑ The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut. [2010. október 2-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. szeptember 30.)
  24. ↑ a b „Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo”, Voice of America, 2012. február 14. (angol nyelvű) 
  25. ↑ The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North. [2012. február 17-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2012. február 15.)
  26. ↑ A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press, 50–51. o. (2012. április 25.) 
  27. ↑ a b The Silk Road Encyclopedia (2016. április 25.) 
  28. ↑ Stanley Walker, Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
  29. ↑ Linda Pomerantz-Zhang. Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong University Press, 255. o. (1992). ISBN 962209287X 
  30. ↑ Taylor, Jay. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China. Harvard University Press, 32. o. (2009. április 15.). ISBN 978-0-674-05471-4 
  31. ↑ A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
  32. ↑ Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010. Sablon:In lang
  33. ↑ The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions (angol nyelven). Dodd, Mead, 238. o. (1898. április 25.) 
  34. ↑ Public Law 66-45 of September 3, 1919, to revive the office of General of the Armies
  35. ↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul).szerk.: Nicholas Tindal: The History of England. J. and P. Knapton, 562. o. (1745) „The Earl of Athlone [Godard van Reede] was set on by the other Dutch Generals, to insist on his quality of Velt-Marshal, and to have the command with the Earl of Marlborough by turns. But, though he was now in high reputation by his late conduct, the States obliged him to yield this point to the Earl of Marlborough, whom they declared Generalissimo of all their forces, and sent orders to all their Generals and other Officers to obey him.” 
  36. ↑ a b The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office, 5. o. (1998. április 25.) 
  37. ↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul).szerk.: Nicholas Tindal: The History of England. J. and P. Knapton, 104. o. (1745) „The Prince was Duke of Cumberland, Lord High-Admiral of Great-Britain and Ireland, Generalissimo of all her Majesty's forces both by sea and land, and Warden of the Cinque-ports.” 
  38. ↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul).szerk.: Nicholas Tindal: The History of England. J. and P. Knapton, 68. o. (1745) „But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke of Burgundy Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Duke de Vendosme [sic: Vendôme] to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of Berry.” 
  39. ↑ George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency. Sourcebooks, Inc., 40. o. (2005. április 25.). ISBN 9781402226106 
  40. ↑ Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976 to provide for the appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States
  41. ↑ Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America. Berghahn Books, 176. o. (2006. április 25.). ISBN 9781845452124 
  42. ↑ Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom. Honolulu: Black & Auld, 37–41. o. (1886). OCLC 42350849 
  43. ↑ „Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South”, The New York Times, 1927. június 18. (Hozzáférés: 2020. február 4.) 
  44. ↑ Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan (angol nyelven). Harper Collins (2009. október 13.). ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8 

Források[szerkesztés]

Fordítás[szerkesztés]

Kapcsolódó szócikkek[szerkesztés]

Marsall

További információk[szerkesztés]

  • V. Molnár László: Szuvorov generalisszimusz. Valóság, 2000. 6. sz., 70–81.

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