„Inváziós fajok Ausztráliában” változatai közötti eltérés

A Wikipédiából, a szabad enciklopédiából
Laptörténet interaktív böngészése
[ellenőrzött változat][ellenőrzött változat]
← Régebbi szerkesztésÚjabb szerkesztés →
Tartalom törölve Tartalom hozzáadva
VizuálisWikiszöveges
Nincs szerkesztési összefoglaló
Nincs szerkesztési összefoglaló
Címke: HTML-sortörés
2. sor: 2. sor:
Az '''Ausztráliába''' az európai [[gyarmatosítás]] óta véletlenül behurcolt vagy szándékosan, téves meggondolásokból '''betelepített inváziós fajok''' nagy károkat okoznak a kontinens eredeti élővilágának, biológiai sokféleségének, és gyakran a mezőgazdaságban is.
Az '''Ausztráliába''' az európai [[gyarmatosítás]] óta véletlenül behurcolt vagy szándékosan, téves meggondolásokból '''betelepített inváziós fajok''' nagy károkat okoznak a kontinens eredeti élővilágának, biológiai sokféleségének, és gyakran a mezőgazdaságban is.


==Néhány kiemelten fontos inváziós állatfaj==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!| Image || Species || Introduced || Reason || Introduced from || Distribution || Threat level || Estimated proliferation || Main control measures || Notes / ref
|-
| [[File:Struthio camelus portrait Whipsnade Zoo.jpg|50px]] || [[Common ostrich]](''Struthio camelus'') || 1980s || Farming for meat, feathers, oil and eggs || [[South Africa]] || Found only in outback [[South Australia]] near the [[Birdsville Track]] || Medium || 20,000 || None due to them being rare in Australia. || All wild ostriches in Australia are descendants of escaped farmed populations in the 1980s. Only one ostrich farm is active in Australia now, Hastings Ostrich Farm in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>Lysaght, Gary-Jon, [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-02/elusive-ostriches-roam-outback-after-farming-attempts-go-bust/10190990 Ostriches roam the outback after failed attempts to farm the flightless birds] ''ABC News'', 2 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Bufo marinus from Australia.JPG|50px]] || [[Cane toads in Australia|Cane toad]] <br />''([[cane toad|Rhinella marina]])'' || 1935 || Biological control ([[cane beetle]]) || Americas via Hawaii || [[Queensland]] (extensive), the [[Northern Rivers (New South Wales)]], the [[Top End]] ([[Northern Territory]]), the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] || Extreme || 200 million + || Culling; trapping;<ref>[http://www.frogwatch.org.au/index.cfm?action=page.home&section=1 Cane Toad Home]. Frogwatch. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</ref> genetic<ref>[http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=48437&pid=48437&ntemplate=235 Killing off the cane toad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831054633/http://imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=48437&pid=48437&ntemplate=235 |date=31 August 2007 }}. Institute Molecular Bioscience. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</ref> (under research) || Prolific breeders and [[bufotoxin]] kills native animals<ref>[http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3f534390-51d6-45b5-8411-9a3913814027/files/cane-toad-fs.pdf The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) – Invasive species fact sheet]</ref>
|-
| [[File:Red Fox Mornington National Park.jpg|50px]] || [[Feral foxes in Australia|Red fox]] <br />''([[red fox|Vulpes vulpes]])'' || 1855 || Recreational hunting || Europe || most of mainland Australia; small numbers in Tasmania || Extreme || 7.2&nbsp;million + || [[Sodium fluoroacetate|1080]] baiting; hunting || Elusive prolific predator of native animals and livestock.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/european-red-fox.pdf |title=Invasive Species Fact Sheet: European red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia) |year=2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922185346/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/european-red-fox.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Gato en Boiro Galicia.jpg|50px]] || [[Feral cat]] <br />''([[Cat|Felis catus]])'' || 1849 || Pets || Europe || Throughout Australia, except in tropical rainforests (extensive) || High to extreme || 2.1 to 6.3 million<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Legge |first1=S. |last2=Murphy |first2=B.P. |last3=McGregor |first3=H. |last4=Woinarski |first4=J.C.Z. |last5=Augusteyn |first5=J. |last6=Ballard |first6=G. |last7=Baseler |first7=M. |last8=Buckmaster |first8=T. |last9=Dickman |first9=C.R. |last10=Doherty |first10=T. |last11=Edwards |first11=G. |last12=Eyre |first12=T. |last13=Fancourt |first13=B.A. |last14=Ferguson |first14=D. |last15=Forsyth |first15=D.M. |last16=Geary |first16=W.L. |last17=Gentle |first17=M. |last18=Gillespie |first18=G. |last19=Greenwood |first19=L. |last20=Hohnen |first20=R. |last21=Hume |first21=S. |last22=Johnson |first22=C.N. |last23=Maxwell |first23=M. |last24=McDonald |first24=P.J. |last25=Morris |first25=K. |last26=Moseby |first26=K. |last27=Newsome |first27=T. |last28=Nimmo |first28=D. |last29=Paltridge |first29=R. |last30=Ramsey |first30=D. |last31=Read |first31=J. |last32=Rendall |first32=A. |last33=Rich |first33=M. |last34=Ritchie |first34=E. |last35=Rowland |first35=J. |last36=Short |first36=J. |last37=Stokeld |first37=D. |last38=Sutherland |first38=D.R. |last39=Wayne |first39=A.F. |last40=Woodford |first40=L. |last41=Zewe |first41=F. |title=Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia? |journal=Biological Conservation |date=February 2017 |volume=206 |pages=293–303 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.032 }}</ref> || Barrier fencing, shooting, trapping, toxic pellet implants.<ref name=TeleCats>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/12/australian-scientists-plan-kill-feral-cats-toxic-pellets-injected/ |title= Australian scientists plan to kill feral cats with toxic pellets injected into native wildlife |work= The Telegraph |date= 12 May 2017 |access-date= 17 October 2017}}</ref> Control measures effective on small islands; less so on the mainland. || It is possibly responsible for the extinction of some species of small mammals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/cat.pdf |title=Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral cat (''Felis catus'') |publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia) |year=2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011210024/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/cat.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Wild rabbit.jpg|50px]] || [[Rabbits in Australia|European rabbit]] <br />''([[European rabbit|Oryctolagus cuniculus]])'' || 1857 || Recreational hunting || Europe || Throughout Australia (extensive) || Extreme || 200 million + || [[rabbit-proof fence]]; [[Myxomatosis]]; [[Rabbit haemorrhagic disease|Calicivirus]] (RHD) || Prolific breeders that destroy land.
|-
| [[File:Goats - Wilpena Pound.JPG|50px]] || [[Feral goats in Australia|Feral goat]] <br />''([[goat|Capra hircus]])'' || 1840 || [[domestication|Domestic]] livestock || Unknown || Throughout Australia (extensive) || High || more than 2.6&nbsp;million in 1996<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/pubs/tap-goat-background.pdf |title=Background document for the threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by unmanaged goats |year=2008 |access-date=2 November 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618093225/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/tap/pubs/tap-goat-background.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2012 |isbn=978-0-642-55417-8}}</ref> ||<!--Main control measures-->||<!--Notes / ref-->
|-
| [[File:Feral_pig.jpg|50px]] || [[Feral pigs|Feral pig]] <br />''([[Wild boar|Sus scrofa]])'' || [[First Fleet|1788]] || [[Domestication|Domestic]] livestock || Europe || Throughout Australia, except in deserts (extensive) || High || up to 23.5&nbsp;million in 2011 || [[Muster (livestock)|Musters]], ground and helicopter culling, trapping, poisoning, fencing || Prolific breeders that destroy land and have the potential to spread disease<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/pig.pdf |title=Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral pig (''Sus scrofa'') |publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia) |year=2004 |access-date=6 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305033212/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/pig.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:SilvertonDustStormDonkeys.JPG|50px]] || [[Feral donkeys in Australia|Feral donkey]] <br />''([[Donkey|Equus asinus]])'' || 1866 || Pack and haulage animals || Europe || Throughout Australia (extensive) || Medium to high || up to 5 million in 2005<ref name=roots>{{cite book|last=Roots|first=Clive|title=Domestication|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-33987-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGDYHvOHwmwC|page=179}}</ref> || [[Muster (livestock)|Musters]], ground and helicopter culling, fertility control || Grazers that damage sensitive lands
|-
| [[File:07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg|50px]] || [[Australian feral camel|Dromedary camel]] <br />''([[Dromedary|Camelus dromedarius]])'' || 1840 || Beast of burden || India || [[Outback]] || Medium to high || 300,000 in 2013<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/18/australian-feral-camel-population-overestimated-says-study?CMP=twt_gu |title=Australian feral camel population overestimated, says study |first=Oliver |last=Milman |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> || Helicopter culling || Grazer, though arid Australian conditions suit the camel perfectly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/camel-factsheet.html |title=Camel Fact Sheet |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia) |year=2009 |access-date=10 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/60k1leLqx?url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/camel-factsheet.html |archive-date=6 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Perlino brumby.JPG|50px]] || [[Brumby]] <br />''([[Horse|Equus ferus caballus]])'' || [[First Fleet|1788]] || Farm and utility work || Europe; some later imports from South Africa and [[Indonesia]] || Throughout Australia (extensive) || Medium to high || more than 300 thousand || [[Muster (livestock)|Musters]], ground and helicopter culling, fertility control || Grazers that damage sensitive lands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/feral-horse.pdf |title=Invasive Species Fact Sheet: Feral horse (''Equus caballus'') and feral donkey (''Equus asinus'') |publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia) |year=2004 |access-date=10 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603013209/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/feral-horse.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Bos javanicus male.jpg|50px]] || [[Banteng]] <br />''([[Banteng|Bos javanicus]])'' || 1849 || [[domestication|Domestic]] livestock || Indonesia || [[Garig Gunak Barlu National Park]] || Medium || 8,000 - 10,000 || [[Brucellosis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[hunting]] || Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.
|-
| [[File:Water Buffalo at Fogg Dam (1).jpg|50px]] || [[Water buffalo#In Australia|Water buffalo]] <br />''([[Water buffalo|Bubalus bubalis]])'' || 1829 || [[domestication|Domestic]] livestock || Indonesia || [[Top End]] || Medium || 150,000 in 2008<ref name="buffalo"/> || [[Brucellosis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[hunting]] || Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.<ref name="buffalo">[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/buffalo.pdf The feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304194627/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/buffalo.pdf |date=4 March 2011 }}. Fact Sheet. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 17 July 2012.</ref>
|}<section end=animals_table/>
== Jegyzetek ==
== Jegyzetek ==
{{jegyzetek}}
{{jegyzetek}}

A lap 2022. március 21., 10:15-kori változata

 Ez a szócikk/szakasz most épül, még dolgoznak az első verzión!

A szócikk/szakasz építőjének: Ha az építés várhatóan néhány napnál tovább tart, inkább saját allapon végezd! A többieknek: amíg az építés nem fejeződik be, használd a vitalapot, hogy elkerüld a szerkesztési ütközéseket a cikk építőjével!
Legutóbbi módosítás: 2022. március 21.

Az Ausztráliába az európai gyarmatosítás óta véletlenül behurcolt vagy szándékosan, téves meggondolásokból betelepített inváziós fajok nagy károkat okoznak a kontinens eredeti élővilágának, biológiai sokféleségének, és gyakran a mezőgazdaságban is.

Néhány kiemelten fontos inváziós állatfaj

Image Species Introduced Reason Introduced from Distribution Threat level Estimated proliferation Main control measures Notes / ref
Common ostrich(Struthio camelus) 1980s Farming for meat, feathers, oil and eggs South Africa Found only in outback South Australia near the Birdsville Track Medium 20,000 None due to them being rare in Australia. All wild ostriches in Australia are descendants of escaped farmed populations in the 1980s. Only one ostrich farm is active in Australia now, Hastings Ostrich Farm in Victoria[1]
Cane toad
(Rhinella marina)		 1935 Biological control (cane beetle) Americas via Hawaii Queensland (extensive), the Northern Rivers (New South Wales), the Top End (Northern Territory), the Kimberley Extreme 200 million + Culling; trapping;[2] genetic[3] (under research) Prolific breeders and bufotoxin kills native animals[4]
Red fox
(Vulpes vulpes)		 1855 Recreational hunting Europe most of mainland Australia; small numbers in Tasmania Extreme 7.2 million + 1080 baiting; hunting Elusive prolific predator of native animals and livestock.[5]
Feral cat
(Felis catus)		 1849 Pets Europe Throughout Australia, except in tropical rainforests (extensive) High to extreme 2.1 to 6.3 million[6] Barrier fencing, shooting, trapping, toxic pellet implants.[7] Control measures effective on small islands; less so on the mainland. It is possibly responsible for the extinction of some species of small mammals.[8]
European rabbit
(Oryctolagus cuniculus)		 1857 Recreational hunting Europe Throughout Australia (extensive) Extreme 200 million + rabbit-proof fence; Myxomatosis; Calicivirus (RHD) Prolific breeders that destroy land.
Feral goat
(Capra hircus)		 1840 Domestic livestock Unknown Throughout Australia (extensive) High more than 2.6 million in 1996[9]
Feral pig
(Sus scrofa)		 1788 Domestic livestock Europe Throughout Australia, except in deserts (extensive) High up to 23.5 million in 2011 Musters, ground and helicopter culling, trapping, poisoning, fencing Prolific breeders that destroy land and have the potential to spread disease[10]
Feral donkey
(Equus asinus)		 1866 Pack and haulage animals Europe Throughout Australia (extensive) Medium to high up to 5 million in 2005[11] Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control Grazers that damage sensitive lands
Dromedary camel
(Camelus dromedarius)		 1840 Beast of burden India Outback Medium to high 300,000 in 2013[12] Helicopter culling Grazer, though arid Australian conditions suit the camel perfectly.[13]
Brumby
(Equus ferus caballus)		 1788 Farm and utility work Europe; some later imports from South Africa and Indonesia Throughout Australia (extensive) Medium to high more than 300 thousand Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control Grazers that damage sensitive lands[14]
Banteng
(Bos javanicus)		 1849 Domestic livestock Indonesia Garig Gunak Barlu National Park Medium 8,000 - 10,000 Brucellosis, tuberculosis, hunting Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.
Water buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis)		 1829 Domestic livestock Indonesia Top End Medium 150,000 in 2008[15] Brucellosis, tuberculosis, hunting Environmental damage – soil erosion, channelling of floodwaters, increased intrusion of saltwater into freshwater habitats and destruction of wetland vegetation.[15]

Jegyzetek

  1. ↑ Lysaght, Gary-Jon, Ostriches roam the outback after failed attempts to farm the flightless birds ABC News, 2 September 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  2. ↑ Cane Toad Home. Frogwatch. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ↑ Killing off the cane toad Archiválva 2007. augusztus 31-i dátummal a Wayback Machine-ben.. Institute Molecular Bioscience. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  4. ↑ The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) – Invasive species fact sheet
  5. ↑ Invasive Species Fact Sheet: European red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia), 2004. [2010. szeptember 22-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. május 10.)
  6. ↑ (2017. február 1.) „Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia?”. Biological Conservation 206, 293–303. o. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.032.  
  7. ↑ Australian scientists plan to kill feral cats with toxic pellets injected into native wildlife. The Telegraph, 2017. május 12. (Hozzáférés: 2017. október 17.)
  8. ↑ Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral cat (Felis catus). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia), 2004. [2010. október 11-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. május 10.)
  9. ↑ Background document for the threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by unmanaged goats (2008). ISBN 978-0-642-55417-8 
  10. ↑ Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral pig (Sus scrofa). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia), 2004. [2011. március 5-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. december 6.)
  11. ↑ Roots, Clive. Domestication. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 179. o. (2007). ISBN 978-0-313-33987-5 
  12. ↑ Milman, Oliver. „Australian feral camel population overestimated, says study”, The Guardian , 2013. november 18. (Hozzáférés: 2014. március 28.) 
  13. ↑ Camel Fact Sheet. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia), 2009. [2011. augusztus 6-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. május 10.)
  14. ↑ Invasive Species Fact Sheet: Feral horse (Equus caballus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia), 2004. [2011. június 3-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2010. május 10.)
  15. ↑ a b The feral water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Archiválva 2011. március 4-i dátummal a Wayback Machine-ben.. Fact Sheet. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

Fordítás

  • Ez a szócikk részben vagy egészben az Invasive species in Australia című angol Wikipédia-szócikk ezen változatának fordításán alapul. Az eredeti cikk szerkesztőit annak laptörténete sorolja fel. Ez a jelzés csupán a megfogalmazás eredetét és a szerzői jogokat jelzi, nem szolgál a cikkben szereplő információk forrásmegjelöléseként.

Források

  • ↑ Balázs-Au: Balázs Dénes: Ausztrália, Új-Zéland, Óceánia. Budapest: Panoráma. 1981. = Panoráma nagyútikönyvek, ISBN 963 243 103 0  
  • ↑ Gábris: Gábris Gyula: Ausztrália természeti viszonyai. In Probáld Ferenc, Horváth Gergely, (szerk): Ázsia, Ausztrália és Óceánia földrajza. Budapest: ELTE Eötvös Kiadó. 1998. ISBN 963 463 161 4  

További információk

Kapcsolódó szócikkek

A lap eredeti címe: „https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inváziós_fajok_Ausztráliában&oldid=24781507”